THE MOTION VERBS WITH PARTICLES AND PREPOSITIONS : SEMANTIC ANALYSES

The topic of this research figures out the features of the motion verbs with particles and prepositions. The objectives of the research are to describe the meanings of the motion verbs in verb-particle combinations, the specific meaning of the adverb and the prepositions in the concept of motions, The data are taken from three novels. The selection of the data is focused on the verbs which express the agentive manner of motion and which combine with adverbs or prepositions that follow. The motion verbs semantically express the agent’s moving from one place to another. The concept of motion event is represented by the moving figure, motion event, path, and ground. However, the case of the motion verbs with the particles and prepositions show the different sense of motion. There are two categories of meanings indicated by the verbparticle combinations namely literal and idiomatic. The idiomatic meanings of the motion are mostly derived from metaphors. In the concept of motion event, the paths which are occupied by adverb or preposition or the combination of both contribute to the idiomatic meaning of the verbs.


Introduction
Language is a communication tool used by human.When we communicate by using a language, we produce sentences.Every sentence consists of words.The rules on how to put words together to form the grammatical sentences refer to our knowledge of language.
Thomas (1993: 2) defines that English sentences are made up of units and that at one level these units are words.Alternatively, words are the constituents of a sentence.With regard to words, Deterding (2001: 2) declares that some words in English namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute substantially to the meaning of the sentence.
These words are called content words.Other words, the smaller ones like a, the, she, his, of, for, but, and and help to establish the structure of the sentence but have less inherent meaning of their own.These words Viewing the semantic of verbs, Greenbaum (1990: 177) defines that many verbs are able to express the activities conducted by the subject.For example: (1)

Mr. John had just gone into the house
The sentence above contains the lexical verb 'go'.The verb expresses the agent's moving from one place to another.The directional meaning of the motion is indicated by the word 'into'.In other words, the sentence reveals the concept of motion.Downing (2006: 336)

A. Research Questions
The research is formulated into the following questions: 1.
What is the meaning of the motion verbs with the particles and prepositions ?
2. What is the specific directional meaning of the adverbs and prepositions in the concept of motion?

C. Objectives of the Research
The objectives are : 1.
To analyze the meaning of the motion verbs with particles and prepositions?2. To describe the specific directional meaning of the verbs with the particles and prepositions in the concept of motion.

D. Theoretical Foundation
The  Fromkin (1999: 179) declares that the breaking of semantic rules can be used to convey a particular idea.The meaning of the verb can be literally interpreted but in some sense the sentence is ambiguous.The literal meaning is so unlikely that listeners/ readers stretch their imagination for another interpretation.For example: (8) The price came down The sentence above contains metaphor.
Based on the concept of motion event, 'the ISSN: 2354-7340 price' is the moving figure, 'came' is the motion event, and 'down' is the path of the motion.Semantically, the subject 'the price' is the inanimate agent or the abstract noun which is not supposed to move like the animate.Therefore, it is considered metaphor.
In line with this, O' Grady (1993: 219) explains that metaphor is a conceptual system to express meaning in human language.
Metaphor in our language involves the use of words that are primarily associated with physical and psychological state.Many concepts are structured and understood metaphorically in terms of notions more basic to our physical and cultural experience.Time is understood in terms of a commodity metaphor, health and happiness in terms of spatial metaphor, and so on.

E. Methods
The method includes the instrument used, the procedure and technique to collect

F. Research Findings and Conclusion
Based on the analysis of the data, there are several findings concerning the motion verbs with particles and prepositions.The findings are: 1.
There are two categories of meanings constructed by the motion verbs in verbparticle combination namely literal and idiomatic.
2. In the concept of motion event, the paths which are occupied by adverb or preposition or the combination of both express: -the movement with reference to an axis (vertical and horizontal) of directional path.
-positive destination of motion in relation to the goal of motion (final position) and negative destination in relation to the starting position (away from the starting position).
-the surrounding position to the motion.
-the idea of passage (movement toward and then away from a place).
are called function words.In sentences, the words construct sentence constituents which have functional terms such as subject, verb, object, and adverbial.ISSN: 2354-7340 The main theme of this research is verb.The discussion of verb almost always appears in the study of language.It indicates that verbs might always take place in every sentence construction of any languages.The study of verb meanings in sentences would inevitably involve the other elements of the sentence.Verbs might interfere or even be interfered by the other elements of sentence as stated by Saeed (1997: 38) that "words are in a network of semantic links with other words and it is reasonable to assume that conceptual structures are similarly linked".
figure 'Mr.Pok' in sentence (2) does not really carry out a physical movement.This can be proved that the ground 'tourism business' is not the concrete noun which is supposed to be the goal of the motion.In terms of semantic, this is called metaphor.The semantic relationship between the components often brings into another figure, ground, motion event, and path.Motion event is realized by the verb indicating the manner of motion, figure represents either the moving object or stationary object and ground is a point of reference where the path is conceptualized.For example: (3) He fell down on the floor The sentence (3) semantically represents the concept of motion which can be described in the following motion event analysis: and analyze data in order to learn language phenomenon.The writer took the data from three novels.The selection of the data is focused on the verbs which express the agentive manner of motion and which combine with adverbs or prepositions that follow.The data are purposefully collected to analyze the meaning of the motion verbs with particles and prepositions.

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a static resultative meaning indicating the state of having reached the destination There are two possibilities of the meaning of the adverb 'up' in some data.It may indicate the vertical direction from the lower to the higher position or the state of having reached the destination.ISSN: 2354-7340 -the continuative action to the manner of motion The meaning of the motion verbs with their particles and prepositions seem to be complex.In the case of motion verb in verbparticle combination, it is a language phenomenon found in English language.The outcome of this research is expected to bring into the more understanding of the meaning of the motion verbs with particles and prepositions.This is to say that knowing the meaning and the rules for combining the words will help us to comprehend such constructions.In other words, the discussion of the meaning of the motion verbs with particles and prepositions in this research might become a kind of clues in identifying and understanding the features of the motion verbs, including those with idiomatic meaning.